Department of Homeland Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Division of Homeland Security - Essay Example What's more, a last audit shows the victories and disappointments for the past, present and eventual fate of the DHS. Catchphrases: DHS, OIG, CRS, ACE, GAO. Division of Homeland Security Its Establishment, The Organization, Then and Now 2002 †2013 Introduction: â€Å"Our country is more grounded than it was on 9/11, increasingly arranged to go up against developing dangers, and stronger even with our proceeded challenges.† (Napolitano, 2011). It has been 10 years since the assaults on September 11, 2001. Our country lost about 3,000 guiltless men, ladies and youngsters just as residents from in excess of 90 nations. In the wake of the assault, America has gotten much more grounded and strong; in any case, dangers despite everything continue. We have conquered difficulties in the previous decade, yet more walks should be made to watch our country against other enormous assaults or catastrophic events all alone soil.(DHS.gov, 2012). We have come to understand that it isn't just the duty of our legislature to keep up security however it is a common obligation of every American. The Federal government has collaborated with government, people in general and private areas in networks over our nation and different countries to reinforce the DHS’s foundation. This enormous security try attempts to protect against dangers, limit hazards, and boost our reaction with the goal that we may recuperate rapidly from any assaults or varying fiascos. (DHS.gov, 2012). The vision, â€Å"Preserving our opportunities, ensuring America..we secure our homeland.† (Napolitano, 2013). Foundation, Breakdown and Purpose: Immediately after the 9/11 assaults President Bush made legitimate move to guarantee assurance for America. In the report of June 2002 he built up the White House Office of Homeland Security and the Homeland Security Council to guarantee that our government reaction and defensive activities would be viable later on. He delegated Tom Ridge as Homel and Security Advisor to consider the government and decide whether what we have now would be adequate to manage a present danger. He was additionally trained to assess the framework to the extent future dangers and anything obscure. (Shrub, 2002). The examination established that since 9/11 data found out about the foe while battling a war required more unification in the country security division. (Shrubbery, 2002). The association would concentrate on four explicit and productive divisions. 1. Outskirt and transportation security would cover fringes, transportation frameworks and regional waters. Duties of the Coast Guard, Customs, Immigration, Border Patrol, and the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service of the Department of Agriculture would all be under this division. The recently framed Transportation Security Administration would cover all passages into the United States. This safety effort guaranteed that fringe control and visas were held in a focal data sharing databas e. (Shrub, 2002). 2. Crisis readiness and reaction concentrated on preparing for residential calamity readiness of specialists on call and correspondence with the administration fiasco reaction endeavors. FEMA would turn into a focal division of the DHS.

Music and Humanity free essay sample

There are sure styles, kinds, and melodies that are ideal for any feeling In any circumstance. Through offering my disposition toward music to others, I have arrived at the resolution that, albeit apparently Impossible, It Is conceivable to demonstrate that music Is an Innate piece of mankind. I might Want to pause for a minute here, and clarify what I mean by music. Music Is the thankfulness for what we hear; regardless of whether it is a feathered creatures tune, the stir of leaves in the recreation center, or seeing a musical gang perform, individuals are tuning in to music. With this definition, we can concur that music is available around the globe, and everybody identifies with it.This is a kind of association that all people share. This human association is vital to understanding why individuals join themselves to music so unequivocally ?all things considered, how might somebody playing out their own melodies connect too horde of thousands? People are totally attached to music, and it appears. Music In Culture To what degree is music separated of mankind? Music Is pervasive to such an extent that whole societies are perceived when a mark piece Is heard. The blasts of percussion Instruments can be heard somewhere down In the core of Africa, alongside the Natives cries. The Chinese have portrayed the culled Instruments with a substantial treble tone cap accompanies fast curves in pitch (Philatelic Management amp: Productions Inc. ). Austrian strike a chord when their society music is heard, and at whatever point somebody hears a quality warble, they know its Swiss (Plangent). These lovely sounds have been ringing out of these nations for such a long time that the way of life are currently internationally perceived for them. Having built up that music is all inclusive, it is essential to all the more intently examine a particular culture. What superior to America, perhaps the greatest focus of pop music?The United States is a huge mixture of deferent societies, bringing about a sister of various kinds of music. The Beach Boys had a great time, playful, vivacious air, Steve Ray Vaughan shook the blues to depict the crestfallen side of life, and Elvis Presley gave us an upset In music all together, with infectious tunes, and adorable verses. There Is a wide assortment of music In the American culture, and this assortment makes many individuals love music. Outside music of India is odd to the regular Western crowd. Indians utilize distinctive tuning that doesnt sound very right to the American audience.While American melodies have an example that is rehashed all through, Indians need harmony movement in beneficiary tunes. Likewise, Americans utilize their chest to reverberate sound, while Indians have all the more a whimpering tone in the rear of their throats. Americans see these melodic practices as odd; at the same time, obviously, they sound splendidly typical to somebody that has been brought up in that culture. It doesn't make a difference, at that point, what the music might be, yet that the very presence of music interfaces humankind on a more profound premise (Schmidt-Jones). Nervous system science of Music This association runs further than you may might suspect ? music is truly instilled in us.From the time we are conceived, there are neurons that are explicitly evolved to enlist music. Our experiences and responses to music interface with various areas in the cerebrum, and this might be the reason people all vibe, somewhat, a similar way when they hear music. There is a district for hearing the music, a locale for the desires for what will come next in a melody, an area for partner it with past recollections and general information, which emerges feelings, and a locale for transforming the feelings into actions.These different areas of the cerebrum all work as one when tuning in to music, which makes the demonstration of listening so extreme. The locale that partners what you hear with past recollections lets us genuinely identify with the long stretches of a melody, since we have encountered fairly a similar thing as the lyricist has. Our desires for timing, pitch, and even the notes themselves have a good time with us, in light of the fact that more often than not our desires are not met. Be that as it may, for once, this is anything but a baffling encounter; it is one of miracle, and Joy. This Joy is overpowering to the point that an area in our mind makes us dance.This is a section that instructs your body subliminally, one that we can't stop. This is the thing that gives a non-performer the need to Join in by tapping his foot or tapping his legs. At the point when cash hears music, the cerebrum is the thing that makes listening so incredible (Science Festival Foundation). Feelings of Music is intrinsic to mankind for this very explanation; the mind is the thing that we use to acknowledge music-?and, in spite of the fact that it may not generally appear it, everybody has a cerebrum. In any case, what is it precisely that everybody identifies with? Music draws out feeling, and individuals rely upon music to communicate feeling in manners different things cant. It makes a human association through these feelings. Feelings are the reason we tune in to specific styles of music at specific occasions. Music is utilized and felt in various manners. Truth be told, there is by all accounts a specific style of music that goes with every occasion throughout everyday life. A musician sets a sweet, delicate, and emotional state of mind for a sentimental supper, while an officer plans for war by tuning in to the savage verses in a substantial metal tune. A gathering of Juvenile delinquents may tune in to underground rock before accomplishing something unlawful, while a more seasoned man tunes in to Jim Hendrix while getting high.A elitist tunes in to an acoustic guitar player at the nearby Struck, while a family is on an excursion, tuning in to an old down home melody. Music goes with everything people are separated of (Zimmerman). Moreover, humankind consolidates distinctive music into various scenes of life in light of the fact that each style of music draws out explicit feelings. We pick which sort normally draws out the feelings that are as of now being blended by the occasion itself. Sentiments of despairing. It gets the adrenaline surging with quick paced drumbeats, and shouts of crude power.It places us in misery when the minor harmonies go with verses that work up repulsive recollections. It places us in muse with snappy changes in time, and odd accents. It causes us to release up with the cool beats, smooth songs, and punchy rhythms. In a manner not the same as whatever else, it causes us to feel. Whats intriguing is that a similar music can cause individuals to feel in an unexpected way. Take the melody l Will Follow You Into the Dark by Death Cab for Cutie, for instance. When appeared to my flat mate Mike, who is a sentimental, he saw the light tone of the harmonies, and the fairly quick beat.He additionally saw the message of the tune as one of adoration and duty. In any case, when appeared to my companion Matt, who has endured an ongoing separation, his translation was progressively grave. The harmonies may have been light, yet the tone of his voice drew out compelling feelings of distress from Matt. The message he saw was one of misfortune, and adapting to that torment. It appears, at that point, that the circumstance is liable for the feelings, not the individual. This disclosure is very critical, on the grounds that it clarifies probably the greatest focus of music: a concert.Whether it is old style, hip-jump, or rock, a show brings together the whole crowd with a similar feeling, again making that human association previously mentioned. The unfavorable hints of Bachs ensembles paint stupendous point by point pictures in people groups minds; in a show corridor, everybody sits in wonderment while imagining these pictures. Everybody looks in awe while an expert musician sets out a lovely tune that was made hundreds out of years prior. In an Autumns show, the entire group gazes at the ground, examining the surge of frightening feeling that is coursing through them.People feel brought together at shows; nobody around them is stooping, however everybody is supporting of the feelings since they all vibe a similar way. It appears that a show is a kind of disconnected perfect world, saved uniquely for music and those that have desired it. T. S. Eliot puts it best: muff are the music while the music keeps going. Verses While individuals feel bound together with one another by tuning in to a similar music, they additionally feel brought together with the craftsman. The one thing that a craftsman needs to associate himself erectly with his crowd is his lyrics.Although music without verses can draw out feeling, the expressions of a tune put the audience through a totally unique encounter. Craftsmen compose words that can attract a huge number of groups, regardless of the audience members individual inclination of class. The only thing that is important is that they concur with the message. On the off chance that the verses are shallow, however the music justifies itself with real evidence, another group is attracted. This music is more for those that move, since it allows them to concentrate on the beat, the cadence, and the tunes, unafraid of losing something different in the words.Therefore, various verses bid to various crowds. Individuals tune in to music with a message they identify with (Murphy). (Philatelic Management ; Productions Inc. ) However, the verses go farther than Just being a story. They are what represent the craftsman, and his ability. The particular words he utilizes draw out specific feelings that we all as the audience members can identify with. On the off chance that the tune is tied in with celebrating, at that point it will in all probability be played at parties. On the off chance that it is about a separation, at that point those experiencing challenges in a relationship will truly take care of off it to help see how they themselves feel. It That sentiment of clearness is solid to such an extent that religions feel it is critical to remember music for the revering of their god or divine beings. It is captivating that they believe they have the chance to speak with such a ground-breaking being(s) and as opposed to doing whatever else, they decide to sing. There are different types of correspondence, however by then they feel music is the best decision. The words in the message they sing are that of expectation, with the goal that they might be consoled in their religion. The words likewise incorporate sentiments of distress and modesty. These verses assist them with shouting out to their god on an Asia that is not quite the same as some other way Or. . The verses without anyone else, be that as it may, are insufficient

5 Steps to Writing a Spine-Tingling Story

5 Steps to Writing a Spine-Tingling Story Its that time of year again. The temperature is getting a little colder, and people are gearing up for Halloween. When people gather on moonlit nights, they love to share tales of ghosts and ghouls. Here are five important tips for writing the perfect ghost story. If you follow these suggestions, you are sure to frighten your friends and loved ones.Every effective ghost story contains certain elements that will chill the bones of the reader: The story should be based on your worst fears or situations that are scary for the average reader. Pick a frightening setting that will provide the perfect location for your story. Be sure to create well-developed characters, including a protagonist and antagonist. As you plan your story, use the story arc model to create an effective plot. It should be written in a way that allows the reader to use their imagination. The story should build in suspense. It shouldnt reveal too much too quickly. Once you finish, take the time to edit your work. If you follow these steps, you can write a chilling tale that you can be proud of.1. Brainstorm by pondering your worst fearsStart by thinking of your own fears: situations, animals; anything that makes you feel afraid. You might also think of situations that are fearful for other people. Write down your ideas for future reference. This process will enable you to come up with some truly scary ideas. These ideas can be the basis of your story. If you can express how afraid you feel, chances are your readers will experience it as well:Think back to nightmares that you may have had. Write down the details that made you feel afraid. Be specific so that you can hone in on the elements that made it so scary. For example, if you had a nightmare about snakes, write down what the snakes were, what the circumstances were and what your emotions and feelings were. If you can capture this in a story, it could be very effective.Think of elements in horror movies or books that were really scary to yo u. Without copying the ideas or plot elements, write down specific things that inspired fear. Try to think of a new and unique way to create a similar effect.Think of specific situations that might make you feel afraid. Write them down and see if you can use them as the basis for your story. If you have a dread fear of tight spaces, you could create a scenario in which your main character has to escape from an enclosed space.Ask your friends and family what their worst fears are. You might also ask them about experiences in their own lives that made them feel afraid. This might inspire the plotline of your story. For example, if a loved one tells you a story about being lost on a hiking trip, this could provide a good plot element to your story.2. Pick a perfect settingBased on the brainstorming you did, try to come up with the perfect setting for your tale of horror. The setting of the story is the location or locations in which it takes place. Having a spooky setting such as an ol d haunted house or a remote wooded area is key to having an effective scary story.Photo by JR Korpa on UnsplashThink of a setting that goes along with the fears that you explored during your brainstorming session. If your fear is being lost in the woods, you can begin by writing down what was scary about them. You can use these details later in your story.Write down as many details as possible about your setting. Suppose your setting is an old house in a small town. Before you write your story, try and describe the house in as much detail as possible. Is it an old Victorian house or a farmhouse? Where is the town located, in the mountains or on the coast? If you plan out the details you can really set the stage for a frightening tale.Try to come up with a backstory for your setting. This involves some of the history of the town or the house in which it takes place. If you choose an old haunted house as part of your setting, you would want to write down why people think its haunted. Does the house have an unpleasant history such as someone being murdered there? Have people seen or heard things in the house before?3. Create relatable charactersTake great care to create realistic and interesting characters. The readers will want to be able to identify with what the main character is going through and who they are. If there are evil characters, you will want your readers to feel a different set of emotions.Create a main character or protagonist that the readers can identify with. A protagonist is the main character that will experience most of the action. Do a character sketch, writing down as many details about the appearance or personality of the character as you can. You might also want to think about their connection with the setting. Did they rent an old house to get away from something out of their past? Did they move to a small town because of a new job? The more realistic your protagonist is, the more your readers will identify with them.You may also want to create an antagonist. An antagonist is a character that is harmful towards or opposes another character or characters. In a ghost story, the antagonist is often a ghost, vampire, werewolf or some other type of supernatural creature. Just as you did with your protagonist, write down all of the characteristics you want the character to have. Unlike the protagonist, the antagonist will have traits that the reader will likely find unpleasant.Think of secondary characters and their characteristics. The protagonist may have friends and family that help them in their situation. The antagonist may have allies or accomplices that help them to do harm to the protagonist or some other character. Make sure you flesh out the details (appearance and personalities) of these characters as well.4. Plan your storyNow you have a setting and you have created your characters. Its time to work on the plot by creating an outline. Once you have created your outline, you will be ready to begin writing yo ur story. The outline will serve as a blueprint for the experiences your characters will go through. Many writers use the story arc model to plan their stories. There are different versions of the story arc model, but most of them include eight main parts:Stasis: This is the beginning of the story, which features the normal or the everyday lives of the main characters. This part of the story gives the reader a picture of the characters lives before the action begins.Trigger: During this part of the story, the protagonist experiences something out of the ordinary that begins the action in the story. It is often an event that the main character has no control over.The Quest: The trigger is often an unpleasant event. This event inspires the protagonist to go on an adventure to find a solution to the problem presented to them or to return to a state of normalcy.Surprise: Once the protagonist embarks on their quest, they will experience many surprises. These surprises represent problems or unexpected obstacles the characters face. These events should take the reader by surprise, but they should be believable and realistic.Critical Choice: The protagonist should face a critical decision at some point in the plot. This is where they make a choice about a course of action. During this part of the story, you should show how the protagonist deals with difficult decisions. In a horror story, if the protagonist makes a good decision it may save their lives or other characters lives. If they make the wrong decision, it could end in tragedy.Climax: Once your protagonist makes their critical choice, they will face the most difficult moment in the story. This is the point where the tension is at its highest. It is often a battle between the protagonist and antagonist.Reversal: This part of the story is the result of the choice the protagonist made. It is the outcome of the event that happens during the climax and the decision the main character made. The protagonist should un dergo some change after the climax.Resolution: At the end of the story, the characters should return to a state of normalcy. However, the protagonist should be changed in some way as a result of their experiences. Often, the main character is stronger or wiser.For more information on the eight part story arc model, refer to DailyWritingTips.com.Photo by Patrick Tomasso on Unsplash5. Write and edit your first draftOnce you have completed your outline, you are ready to begin writing your first draft. As you write, use the events in your outline to keep you on track. Slowly build the tension and fear that your characters face. Write in the active voice, leaving the reader to use their imagination. Finally, read your first draft and make any corrections or change any inconsistencies in the story.As you write each scene, try to let the tension and fear slowly build. The early scenes in the story should only hint at the action to come. For example, you might write a story about a house th ats haunted. At first, the protagonist may hear voices or see things move on their own. As the story progresses, they may actually see a ghost or come into contact with it.When you write your scenes, try to allow the reader to use their imagination. In other words, dont reveal all the details. For example, when describing a ghost that the protagonist sees, dont give too much detail. Example: A shadow began to grow in height, moving slowly towards Karen. Its features slowly began to come into focus, revealing a scowling face and glowing eyes. This description allows the reader to fill in some of the details, hinting at the general description of the ghost.As you write your sentences use the active voice rather than the passive voice. The active voice is a more direct way of writing that shows a subject performing a direct action such as: Mary lit the candle to see what shape was beside her in the dark. The passive voice shows the subject being acted on by the verb or action such as: The candle was lit by Mary so that she could see what shape was beside her in the dark.Once you are done writing your first draft, you should read each sentence. Check to make sure that there arent any grammatical or spelling errors. Also, check to make sure that there are no inconsistencies. For example, if an event happens at a specific time in your story, make sure that you dont use a different time when you refer to it in another place. Allow friends and family members to read your story. Fresh eyes might spot mistakes that you didnt notice.Re-write your story as needed. You should correct grammatical/spelling errors. Also, correct any inconsistencies. Now you are ready to show people your final draft.Writing ghost stories is frightful fun if you follow a few guidelines. Try to base your story on your own fears or someone elses. Pick a setting that is creepy and central to the action that will take place. Create well-developed characters that the reader can relate to. Use the ei ght-point story arc model to create an outline. Write your rough draft using the active voice, building the fear and suspense slowly. Re-read your story and correct any errors or inconsistencies. Write your final draft once you have made your corrections. Soon you will have your friends and family shaking in their shoes over your scary Halloween story.

The Decision For And Against Privatization Of Public...

INTRODUCTION As most consumers assume, typical product pricing relies on the basic rules of supply and demand. But you may sometimes pay more or less for a product because the company that produces it has implemented different, highly strategic pricing tactics. One of these tactics is called product-cost cross-subsidization. Through cross-subsidization, the government is able to harmonize the divergent socio-economic groups in society in providing their basic needs. This paper seeks to explore the consequences of cross-subsidization. The argument for and against privatization of public enterprises is brought to the fore as the paper examines the effect of equity and efficiency on national social security systems. CROSS-SUBSIDIZATION This is a situation where the profits from one activity are used in paying for another activity that is losing money or bring less revenue. Product-cost cross-subsidization is the strategy of pricing a product above its market value to subsidize the loss of pricing a different product below its market value (Price, 2015). In order to cross-subsidize your products, you’ll need to have a good idea of how the product should be priced prior to cross-subsidization. While there is a plethora of pricing strategies that businesses employ, your pricing will depend on the goals of your business and the market. Because your profits will need to cover all of your expenses, your pricing will need to reflect your product cost, operating expenses, rent, siteShow MoreRelatedPrivatization of Irelands Commercial State Owned Enterprises1191 Words   |  5 PagesPrivatization of Commercial SOEs Irish SOEs are in a wide range of sectors, including monopolies and competitive sectors, and both growing and declining sectors. Their turnover amounted to 5.8% GDP in 2008 and employed over 41,000 people. The bulk of revenue is from fees from goods and services, although they gained significant revenue from subsidies. Ireland has one of the lowest rates of SOEs. (The Role of State Owned Enterprises: Providing Infracture and Supporting Economic Recovery) A significantRead MoreThe Plan For Implementing Phase Preparation Essay868 Words   |  4 Pagesrealization of its estimated revenue, particularly from the sale of government assets worth $475.2 million, equivalent to 17.5 percent of estimated revenue. This sale of assets is commonly known as privatization , thus involved the selling of some government-owned and operated businesses to private enterprises. Total revenue for 2014 is estimated at $2,721.8 million (32.9% of GDP), with a total expenditure of $2,883.3 million (34.8% of GDP). The overall net deficit is estimated around $161.5 millionRead MoreThe Role of Privatization in Improvement of Productivity in Public Sector4588 Words   |  19 PagesName MARAQITA JONES Course PSC 7110 Dr.James Kramer The Role of Privatization in Improvement of Productivity in Public Sector Abstract Privatization is the art of transferring asset ownership from public to private hands. The emphasis plies in the ownership of physical assets. It is generally a once-and-for-all sale of a state –owned asset, in this case the government always retains no governance control and no operational risk, though usually retains the regulatory control over the assets. TheRead MoreThe Party State Monitoring Of The State Owned Enterprise1749 Words   |  7 Pagesparty-state monitoring of the state-owned enterprise in China remains a puzzle to most of the observers as the party state aims at creating the actual market economy. 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Economic Factors Affecting The Economy - 1459 Words

Economic factors The primary cause that evolves from most studies is `indebtedness’ (87%-93%). A farmer gets indebted when his/her return from the yield is not as much as he expected and he becomes unable to pay the loan, which he might have taken for productive purpose, social purpose or to meet his immediate consumption needs. Indebtedness is quite evident in most of the affected districts. In Kerala indebtedness is higher compared to national average due to availability of good informal and formal credit facilities, cash crop production and higher value of assets per households. Almost all the states which reports farmer suicide are drought prone (except Kerala) and if not, faced problem of deficient rainfall during the period of crisis causing crop failure (41%). The regions also lacked in irrigation facilities. Irrigation is an implicit cause of indebtedness, as many farmers take loan to dig well. A study of 50 deceased farmers in Warangal district shows that, well is the largest source of irrigation for about three-fourths of the farmers. Only about one-third of the wells were dug under the subsidy schemes of the government. In the rest of the cases farmers themselves have borne the expenses for the digging of the wells Dependence on rain fed agricultural also one of the reason for farmer suicide. Due to there is no water in that area the overall agriculture is dependent on the rain that falls in the area. So if the amount of rain happened is good and sufficientShow MoreRelatedFactors of Economic Development1163 Words   |  5 PagesFactors of economic development Economic development involves actions that are sustained and concerted by policy makers and the entire community. These actions lead to improved standards of living as well as the economic health within a specified area either in the local, regional or global environment. 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From my experiences reading novels, dramas, poetry, and short stories, I think the purpose of fiction is to entertain; to provoke thought. I think students study fiction because it is very entertaining, and can teach many different lessons. People read fiction stones because it lets them get lost In a story that’s not theirs. We will write a custom essay sample on Reading Report or any similar topic only for you Order Now I believe people tell stones to express their Imagination and thoughts. B. A â€Å"take away† value I have learned from this concentration on fiction would be many life lessons. I feel Like the fiction stones we read In school relate to us somehow, and teach us lessons. They also teach us different vocabulary terms and how to use them. Reading stories Like Romeo and Juliet and Lice’s Adventures In Wonderland also let us experience different types of literature. II. Nonfiction A. My English II class this year studied three very different examples of nonfiction. 1. The World Geography Textbook- Our geography textbook has a professional tone. The organization of the textbook had headers and sections, which makes finding the information you need easier to find. The purpose of this nonfiction is to inform. 2. The Burden of Womanhood- 3. MASS- This personal memoir about WIN has a serious, melancholy tone. The organization of this book is set up like a story, with pictures. I believe the purpose of MASS is to not only to inform about the events during WI, but to also entertain. B. Studying nonfiction in classes, such as an English II class, would be very beneficial. There are so many different values gained from studying nonfiction, such as how it helps develop critical thinking as well as literary skills, broadens students vocabulary ND world knowledge. Reading Report By theologically read fiction stories because it lets them get lost in a story that’s not theirs. I believe people tell stories to express their imagination and thoughts. B. A â€Å"take away’ value like the fiction stories we read in school relate to us somehow, and teach us lessons. Like Romeo and Juliet and Lice’s Adventures in Wonderland also let us experience A. My English II class this year studied three very different examples of nonfiction. 1 . 3. MASS- This personal memoir about WI has a serious, melancholy tone. How to cite Reading Report, Papers

The Justice Process for a Felony Criminal Charge

Introduction An offense that is punishable by death or imprisonment for more than one year is known as a felony (Johnson, 2008). A felony is considered by law as one of the severest crimes in the criminal justice system (Johnson, 2008). This paper is intended to explicate the entire justice process for a felony criminal charge filed in a state court. In this regard, the New York court system will be used as an illustration.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Justice Process for a Felony Criminal Charge specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is important to note that a felony criminal case does not have to go through all these processes since it can end before it reaches the trial stage. The thesis of this paper is that the process of handling felony criminal cases in a state court is efficient as to ensure justice for both the accused and the complainant. The Criminal Justice Process for a Felony Criminal Charge in a State Court Initiation of charges by a complainant This is the first process in dealing with a felony crime in a state court. This stage consists of an arrest of a suspect, complaint and booking of a felony case; it also involves conducting investigations. A felony criminal case often commences with an arrest of a suspect by a police officer. Important to note is the fact that a person accused of having committed a felony crime may be arrested, but not necessarily held in detention (Johnson, 2008). Alternatively, the person may be issued with an appearance ticket or a Desk Appearance Ticket in the case of New York State courts (Johnson, 2008). After the issuance of the ticket, the accused can be released from detention. Interestingly, a person issued with an appearance ticket may be freed without bail. Following an investigation, a criminal case may start with the filing of a felony criminal offense charge. Otherwise, it may commence with information provided by a prosec utor or police officer (Cohen, 2006). In other cases, this comes after an indictment by a grand jury (Gibeaut, 2001). After an arrest is made, defendants are often booked at a local police station or other relevant detention facilities. During this process, fingerprints and photographs of the defendant are taken; these are important in determining any prior criminal activity of the defendant (Cole Smith, 2006). Here the defendant is guaranteed the right to due process of law under the Fifth and Fourth Amendments, and the right to legal counsel. Arraignment of the Defendant in Court This is the second step in dealing with a felony criminal case in a state court. The arraignment must always be done within 24 hours of arrest, except when the period ends on a weekend or a holiday (Acker Brody, 2011). During the arraignment, the defendant is informed about the charges filed against him or her, notified of his or her right to the services of a counsel and informed, within 144 hours of h is or her arrest, of the rights to an initial hearing (Acker Brody, 2011).Advertising Looking for research paper on criminal law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is worth noting that a felony criminal case may either be dismissed at this stage, the defendant may plead guilty and get an immediate sentencing or the judge may adjourn the case. There may also be a plea-bargaining in this stage. Plea-bargaining is a process through which a prosecutor and the defense counsel negotiate to do away with a felony criminal case. This often happens by reducing the charges and involves sentencing (Acker Brody, 2011). Proceedings after Arraigning a Defendant in Court After a defendant’s arraignment in court, a judge may set a condition of bail. If the defendant is not able to afford the bail amount, he or she will have to stay in custody for 144 hours from the time of arrest (Pollock, 2011). The prosecution must get an indictmen t of the defendant by the grand jury or otherwise conduct an initial hearing (Pollock, 2011). If either of the two steps is not taken, then the defendant must be set free unconditionally; the prosecutor can still instigate a proper cause of exception to the limited time and hence seek for extended detention of the defendant (Pollock, 2011). During the preliminary hearing, both the defense counsel and prosecution present their arguments. The initial hearings are normally conducted to determine if there is sufficient evidence for the case to proceed to a full trial (Bank, 2002). The prosecution may bring in witnesses to testify under oath, in which case the defense counsels may also cross-examine the witnesses and question the integrity of their evidence. Besides, the defendant can waive the right to an initial hearing. Should this be the case, then the felony case will be passed directly to the grand jury (Gaines Miller, 2012). The grand jury consists of between 16 and 23 citizens s elected on the basis of a county to determine whether or not adequate evidence exists to indict the defendant on charges of felony crimes (Howley, 2003). An indictment may be filed to contain felony charges, if at least twelve grand jurors find that there is sufficient evidence to take the case to trial.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Justice Process for a Felony Criminal Charge specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Alternatively, the grand jurors may find the evidence to be inadequate and hence reduce the charges to a misdemeanor; in this case, the grand jury may direct the prosecutor to file a misdemeanor case against the defendant in a local criminal court (Howley, 2003). In cases where they find that there is no enough evidence, the court must release the defendant (Howley, 2003). At this point, the case against the defendant collapses and no further action can be taken. Should the defendant be indi cted, then a post-indictment arraignment takes place. During the post-indictment arraignment, the defendant is usually notified about the charges in his or her indictment; he or she may enter a plea of guilty or not guilty. Besides, the judge may also review the condition for bail while allowing the defendant to choose whether or not to enter plea-bargaining. If the defendant enters a not guilty plea, the judge adjourns the case and sets a future date of the hearing proceedings (Hails, 2011). Pretrial Proceedings and Hearings In this stage, there are two things that are done: discovery and pre-trial motions. Discovery is the process in which either the defense counsel or the prosecutor collects information regarding the opposing lawyer’s case. In this case, the defense counsel can ask for any documented record or oral statement made by a defendant during investigations into a felony crime. Further, the defense counsel can also request for defendant’s testimony obtained during the grand jury sessions, outcomes of any mental and physical examination of the defendant and any forensic test done on the defendant (Levinson, 2002). Hearing may be held to establish whether a motion should be granted. This should be done within 45 days following an arraignment; however, the judge can extend this period based on a good cause. A judicial hearing officer submits a report to the presiding judge over the cases that have factual findings and legal resolves regarding the motion. The judge uses this information to make a ruling and he or she can decide to either accept or reject them (Levinson, 2002). Trial and Post-trial Hearings and Motions If the defendant does not take the plea of guilty in any successive stage, a trial is conducted following pre-trial motions and hearings. During a trial, either a jury or a judge establishes whether or not the prosecution has proven beyond reasonable doubt that the defendant is actually guilty of the felony charges against h im or her. It is important to note that a defendant charged with a felony crime has a right to a trial by a jury; nonetheless, the defendant may still waive his or her right to such a trial (Acker Brody, 2011).Advertising Looking for research paper on criminal law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More After the presentation of evidence by a prosecutor and rebuttals by a defense counsel, both the defense and the prosecution deliver closing summations. The judge then provides directions to the jury with regard to the specific laws to apply, and how to go about it; otherwise, the judge may decide to directly charge the defendant. Thereafter, a unanimous vote by the jury results in a preferred verdict. There is also a possibility of partial verdict (Acker Brody, 2011). Sentencing Many factors determine the sentence given to a defendant. These include the seriousness of the felony charges, the past convictions of the defendant and the circumstances of the felony. The varieties of sentencing a convicted defendant may get include a conditional discharge, imprisonment, a fine, restitution, probation and conditional discharge (Gardner Anderson, 2009). Appeal After sentencing, the defendant has a right to an appeal. It is crucial to note that the defendant might have waived his or her ri ght to certain appeals during the trial. Even so, the defendant has the right to, at least, appeal some issues to the appellate court. The notice of appeal must be filed within 30 days following a sentence. The caveat is that an attorney is not always under an obligation to file for an appeal; it is the defendant to make a request for it (Gardner Anderson, 2009). There are two grounds for appeal. An appeal may be made if the sentence is, as a matter of law, invalid. For instance, the defendant may receive a longer sentence than required on the basis of prior conviction when, in actual sense, there might not have been any prior conviction. Besides, the defendant may claim that he or she received an excessive sentence during sentencing. In other cases, the prosecutor may also appeal against a sentence given to a defendant. The probable outcome of an appeal includes a reversal of a conviction, upholding of a conviction or a modification of a conviction (Gardner Anderson, 2009). Concl usion The justice system in a state court is therefore efficient as to ensure that the defendant receives a fair trial and sentencing. The process is conducted in a manner that respects the constitutional rights of a defendant, both at state and federal levels. The entire criminal justice process in a state court entails the initiation of charges by a complainant, arraignment of the defendant in court, post arraignment proceedings, pre-trial proceedings and hearings, trial and post-trial hearings and motions, sentencing and appeal. The right of the defendant is protected under both the state and federal laws. References Acker, J. Brody, D. (2011). Criminal Procedure 3E: A Contemporary Perspective. Burlington, Vermont: ones Bartlett Publishers. Bank, T. (2002). Pretrial Release Behavior of Defendants Who the.U.S. Attorney Wished to Detain. American Journal of Criminal Law, 30(1), 44-65. Cohen, T. (2006). The Processing of Felony Offenders in State Courts. Conference Papers — Law Society, 2006 Annual Meeting, 1-4. Cole, G. Smith, C. (2006). The American System of Criminal Justice. London, UK: Cengage Learning. Gaines, L. Miller, R. (2012). Criminal Justice in Action. London, UK: Cengage Learning. Gardner, T. Anderson, T. (2009). Criminal Evidence: Principles and Cases. London, UK: Cengage Learning. Gibeaut, J. (2001). Indictment of a System. ABA Journal, 87(1), 35. Hail, J. (2011). Criminal Evidence. London, UK: Cengage Learning. Howley, K. (2003). Jury-Rigged. Reason, 35(5), 12-14. Johnson, B. (2008). An Analysis of Alternatives to New York City’s Current Marijuana Arrest and Detention Policy. Policing, 31(2), 225-249. Johnson, J. (2008). When Misdemeanors are Felonies. New York Law School Law Review, 52(3), 279-281. Levinson, D. (2002). Encyclopedia of Crime and Punishment, Volume 1. London, UK: SAGE. Pollock, J. (2011). Crime and Justice in America: An Introduction to Criminal Justice. Waltham, MA: Elsevier. This research paper on The Justice Process for a Felony Criminal Charge was written and submitted by user Brayan Conley to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.